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Mosque of Amir Aqsunqur

The mosque in Cairo, Egypt, was constructed between 1346 and 1347 by Prince Aq Sangar, a builder of Sultaniyah buildings. He is credited with the Aq Sangar Bridge on the Great Bay and built a magnificent house and two bathrooms on the Nasiriyah pond. Sangar was among the Ushaqiyah during King Al-Nasser Muhammad bin Qalawun's early days.
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A millennium ago, Fatimid Cairo's oldest and largest mosque was built. In 989, Fatimid caliph Al-Aziz Billah realized the mosque could not accommodate more worshippers and scholars. He planned a new mosque, which was completed by the 6th Fatimid caliph, Al-Hakim Amr Allah. The mosque was inaugurated in 1012 AD and named after the ruler. In 1013 AD, the ruler issued a decision to turn the mosque into a “mosque” where jurisprudence is taught, to help the Al-Azhar Mosque to accommodate students and worshippers.
Tomb of Queen Nefertari

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The Tree of Virgin Mary in Matareya

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Life History of Ahmed Ibn Tulun

Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Tulun, the prince of Egypt and founder of the Tulunid state in Egypt and the Levant, was born on September 20, 835, and is commemorated today as the birthday of the Abbasid state over Egypt. Ahmad ibn Tulun was born on September 20, 835 AD, from a slave girl named Qasim or Hashim, and his origins go back to the Turkish tribe of Taghzgar, although he was born in the city of Baghdad in Iraq, the capital of the caliphate at that time, and he is from a family that lived in Bukhara, and his father was known as Tulun.

History of pharaohs of Egypt

05 16, 2023

Detailed History of Egypt

Ancient Egypt (c. 3100 BCE – 332 BCE)

**1. Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100 – 2686 BCE)**
- **Unification:** King Narmer (Menes) unified Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BCE, establishing the first dynasty.
- **Writing System:** Development of hieroglyphics, the Egyptian script for religious texts and official inscriptions.

**2. Old Kingdom (c. 2686 – 2181 BCE)**
- **The Age of Pyramids:** Pharaohs built monumental pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza (c. 2580 BCE) under Khufu.
- **Divine Kingship:** Pharaohs were viewed as gods, with centralized power and elaborate burial customs to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife.

**3. First Intermediate Period (c. 2181 – 2055 BCE)**
- **Political Fragmentation:** A period marked by regional rivalries and the rise of local governors (nomarchs).
- **Civil Strife:** Internal conflicts weakened the central authority.

**4. Middle Kingdom (c. 2055 – 1650 BCE)**
- **Reunification:** Pharaoh Mentuhotep II restored stability and reunified Egypt.
- **Cultural Advancements:** Flourishing literature, arts, and construction of temples and fortifications.

**5. Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650 – 1550 BCE)**
- **Hyksos Rule:** Foreign invaders established control, introducing new technologies such as the horse and chariot.
- **Cultural Exchange:** Despite foreign rule, there was a blending of cultures.

**6. New Kingdom (c. 1550 – 1070 BCE)**
- **Empire Expansion:** Pharaohs expanded territory into Nubia and the Levant, making Egypt a dominant regional power.
- **Notable Pharaohs:**
- **Hatshepsut:** One of the few female pharaohs; known for trade expeditions.
- **Akhenaten:** Introduced monotheism with worship of Aten; known for revolutionary changes in art and religion.
- **Tutankhamun:** Restored traditional polytheism; his tomb discovery in 1922 revealed rich artifacts.
- **Ramses II:** Known as Ramses the Great; famed for military prowess and monumental architecture, including Abu Simbel.

**7. Third Intermediate Period (c. 1070 – 664 BCE)**
- **Decline of Central Power:** Fragmentation into competing states, with significant foreign influence from Libyans and Nubians.

#### Greco-Roman Period (332 BCE – 395 CE)

**8. Macedonian Conquest (332 BCE)**
- **Alexander the Great:** Conquered Egypt, hailed as a liberator; founded Alexandria, which became a major center of learning and culture.

**9. Ptolemaic Dynasty (332 – 30 BCE)**
- **Cultural Syncretism:** A blend of Greek and Egyptian traditions; the Ptolemies adopted pharaonic titles and practices.
- **Cleopatra VII:** The last Ptolemaic ruler; her alliances with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony are notable events in history.

**10. Roman Egypt (30 BCE – 395 CE)**
- **Annexation:** After Cleopatra's death, Egypt became a province of Rome, vital for its grain production.
- **Cultural Influence:** Continued blend of Greek and Egyptian cultures, with Alexandria remaining a key intellectual center.

#### Islamic Period (7th Century – 1517)

**11. Arab Conquest (642 CE)**
- **Islamization:** The conquest by Muslim armies led to the rapid spread of Islam and Arabic culture throughout Egypt.

**12. Fatimid and Ayyubid Periods**
- **Cairo's Foundation:** Cairo was established in 969 CE as the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate, becoming a hub for Islamic scholarship.

#### Ottoman Period (1517 – 1798)

**13. Ottoman Rule**
- **Integration into the Empire:** Egypt became an important province within the Ottoman Empire, with local governors exerting significant control while reporting to the sultan.

#### Modern Egypt (19th Century – Present)

**14. Muhammad Ali Era (1805 – 1848)**
- **Modernization Efforts:** Muhammad Ali introduced extensive reforms in military, education, and agriculture, laying the groundwork for a modern state.

**15. British Occupation (1882 – 1952)**
- **Colonial Control:** Egypt was effectively under British control, leading to widespread nationalistic movements and demands for independence.

**16. Independence and Revolution (1952)**
- **Gamal Abdel Nasser:** Led the revolution that overthrew the monarchy, establishing a republic and promoting Arab nationalism and socialism.

**17. Contemporary Egypt**
- **Political Turmoil:** The Arab Spring in 2011 led to significant protests, the ousting of President Hosni Mubarak, and ongoing political instability.
- **Recent Developments:** The rise of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and his government has seen a mix of economic reforms and controversial political crackdowns.
Egypt's history is a tapestry of triumphs, cultural exchanges, and profound transformations, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to influence the modern world. Its journey from ancient civilization to contemporary state highlights the resilience and complexity of its people and culture.

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Egypt Tours FAQ

Read top Egypt tours FAQs

The history of Egypt is incredibly rich and spans thousands of years, with a profound impact on both the region and the world. Here is a brief overview of key historical periods and their impact on Egypt:

Ancient Egypt (circa 3100 BC–30 BC):

Ancient Egypt is famous for its impressive monuments, such as the pyramids and temples, built during the reign of the pharaohs.
The civilization thrived along the Nile River, relying on its annual flooding for agriculture.
Ancient Egypt developed a complex system of government, religion, and hieroglyphic writing.
Its impact includes the preservation of knowledge in fields like medicine, mathematics, and engineering.

Greek and Roman Periods (332 BC–30 BC):

Egypt came under the rule of Alexander the Great and later the Ptolemaic dynasty, which blended Greek and Egyptian cultures.
Cleopatra VII, the famous queen of Egypt, played a significant role in these times.
Egypt was eventually annexed by the Roman Empire in 30 BC.
This period influenced art, architecture, and the spread of Hellenistic culture.

Arab Conquest and Islamic Egypt (7th century AD):

Egypt was conquered by Arab forces in the 7th century, marking the spread of Islam in the region.
Cairo was founded as the new capital, becoming a major center of Islamic culture and learning.
Egypt's impact includes its role in preserving and transmitting classical knowledge to Europe.

Ottoman Rule (16th century–19th century):

Egypt came under Ottoman rule, and its strategic location led to increased trade and economic prosperity.
Muhammad Ali Pasha's rule in the early 19th century marked a significant modernization effort.
This era had an impact on Egypt's administrative structure and modernization.

British Occupation (1882–1952):

Egypt became a British protectorate in 1882, which lasted until 1952.
Nationalist movements and the eventual Egyptian Revolution of 1952 led to independence.
British influence on modernization, education, and infrastructure continued.

Modern Egypt (1952–present):

The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 resulted in the establishment of a republic.
Egypt has played a central role in regional politics, including the Arab-Israeli conflict.
The construction of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile had a major impact on agriculture and energy production.
Egypt has experienced social, political, and economic changes in the modern era.

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History of pharaohs of Egypt

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History of pharaohs of Egypt

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