Facts Concerning the French Mission in Egypt

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Mosque of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah

Al-Hakim Amr Allah Mosque, located on Al-Moez Street in Old Cairo, is a prominent Fatimid landmark and the fourth oldest surviving mosque in Egypt. Built in 380 AH during Al-Aziz Billah's reign, it was completed by his son in 403 AH (1012-1013 AD), making it the second largest mosque in Cairo after Ahmed Ibn Tulun Mosque. The mosque's name was attributed to him. The mosque, measuring 12005 meters in length and 113 meters in width, has two minarets at its sea front, surrounded by pyramid-shaped bases. The upper cubes are slightly backwards, and an octagonal minaret protrudes from each of the upper cubes.
Tomb of Queen Nefertari

There were also the great queens of the New Kingdom (1550-1090 BC) Nefertiti, the wife of Akhenaten (1371-1355 BC), and Nefertari, one of the celebrated eight wives of Ramses II (c. 1279-c. 1213 BC). While Nefertiti is more popular for the exquisite portrait bust of her that is located in Berlin, Nefertari is famous mostly for her large burial site situated in the Valley of the Queens.
Tomb of Tutankhamun

The Valley of the Kings, located on the Nile River's west bank near Thebes, served as a cemetery for pharaohs during the New Kingdom of Ancient Egyptians from 1539 to 1075 BC. The 20,000 square meter rocky valley houses 27 royal tombs from the 18th, 19th, and 20th Egyptian dynasties, which have been discovered to this day. Pharaoh Tutankhamun, also known as King Tut, was the last Eighteenth Dynasty Pharaoh from 1334 to 1325 B.C. He is famous for his intact tomb and treasures, unmarked grave, and premature death due to broken bones. His minister married his widow after his death.
The Tree of Virgin Mary in Matareya

The Coptic Orthodox Church commemorates the Feast of the Entry of the Holy Family into Egypt, a minor liturgical feast. It commemorates St. Joseph the Carpenter's obedience to an angel's command to take the child and his mother to Egypt, marking the entry of the Holy Family into the land of Egypt. The prayers begin on the eve of the liturgical day. The Maryam Tree Mazar, a significant tourist attraction in Egypt, is home to the Holy Family and has undergone significant development and renovations to maintain its historical significance.
Biography of Ahmad ibn Tulun

Ahmad ibn Tulun's Turkish roots trace back to his father, who was a slave of Noah ibn Asad, the governor of Bukhara. Asad freed him, and Caliph Al-Ma'mun admired him. He was enrolled in the caliphate court and eventually became the head of the caliph's guard. Ahmad bin Tulun, born on September 20, 835 AD, in Baghdad, the capital of the caliphate, was well-cared for by his father, who taught him military arts, jurisprudence, hadith, and hadith, and encouraged him to learn from scholars and read the Qur'an.
Historical Background | Quseir Town

The city of Al-Qusair is located on the western shore of the Red Sea in Egypt, 140 km south of Hurghada, and one of the most important villages of the city is Hamrawin village, with an area of 7,636 km², while its population is 50,023 people. Al-Qusayr, named after a fort that protected the nation during ancient Pharaonic, Roman, and other empires, was a hub for gold procurement by Pharaohs. Built by Sultan Selim I during the Ottoman period, the fortress remains intact.

Facts Concerning the French Mission in Egypt

05 16, 2023

Facts Concerning the French Mission in Egypt

One could characterize Napoleon's Egyptian expedition (1798–1801) as a pharaonic endeavor of the contemporary day. The French forces, numbering close to 40,000 men and over 300 ships, are massively deployed. And there comes a loud roar of defeat for Napoleon's army, which was under siege by Nelson and the Mamluks. However, hundreds of French scientists arrived in Egypt as a result of Napoleon's invasion, transforming the country into a true cutting-edge laboratory. They are the source of artifacts that have been found and are currently on show in English and French museums.

Revolutionary France did not just want to dominate a region under the Ottoman Empire and block the eastern route from Britain to India. It also sought to repair the colonial setbacks suffered during the Seven Years' War. Napoleon aspired to emulate Alexander the Great in addition to extending his triumphs in Italy. Imbued with the spirit of the Enlightenment and its civilizing mission, the French also wanted to spread the Enlightenment among a people they considered backward, but who had been the «cradle of civilization».

Some 150 scientists accompanied Napoleon’s French troops. They were engineers, geographers, naturalists, doctors, architects, cartographers and astronomers. The figure of the academician of Ancien Régime gives way to a learned citizen, committed to the state and the progress of humanity.

Napoleon creates a Commission of Sciences and Arts, composed of the most eminent members of the Institut national de France, heir to the Royal Academy of Sciences, which was abolished by the Convention in 1793. In the image of this institute and with the researchers of this commission, he founded the Egyptian Institute in Cairo, a pioneering institution of Egyptology, remained in use and which sustained significant losses in a fire in 2011 during the Arab Spring.

During the military campaigns of Napoleon Bonaparte, Egypt became a laboratory, the theatre of important discoveries in various scientific disciplines. The possibility of building a passage through the Suez Canal is studied and maps are drawn up as far as Upper Egypt.

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The French Expedition in Egypt, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, was a pivotal event in both Egyptian and European history. It brought about significant cultural, scientific, and archaeological advancements through the establishment of the Institut d'Égypte and the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. It also had political and military ramifications, ultimately leading to the end of French rule in Egypt and contributing to Napoleon's downfall.

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