History of pharaohs of Egypt

Due to the rise of the Nile River and its fertile banks and deltas, as well as the achievements and impact of Egypt's indigenous peoples, Egypt's history is replete with great events and major archaeological occurrences. Much of Egypt's ancient history remained a mystery until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, which helped unlock the secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the Library of Alexandria has been the only one of its kind for centuries.

The human foundation in Egypt dates back to at least 6000 B.C. when the Nile River Valley was first inhabited. Ancient Egyptian civilization came together around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty, Narmer. The original Egyptian domination continued for the most part until the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC.

Prehistory (before 3100 B.C.)
There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in the desert oases. In the 10th century BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishermen was renewed by a grain milling culture. Climatic changes and/or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to dry up Egypt's grazing lands, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River, where they formed a settled agricultural economy and a more centralized community.

Around 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture took root in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badari culture and the successor to the Naqada series are generally considered to be precursors of dynastic Egypt. The oldest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporary Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for over two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the Predynastic period on pottery vessels from Naqada III, dated to around 3200 BC.

Ancient Egypt (3100-332 B.C.)
King Menes founded a unified kingdom in 3150 BC, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia. Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctly Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the period of the Old Empire (c. 2700-2200 B.C.), which built many pyramids, most notably the pyramid of Djoser of the Third Dynasty and the pyramids of Giza of the Fourth Dynasty.

The first intermediate period began in a time of political turmoil almost 150 years ago. Stability of government restored the prosperity of the country in the Middle Kingdom in 2040 BC and reached its peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. And with the entry into the second period of separation, with the arrival of the first foreign dynasty in Egypt, the Semitic kingdom of Hexus. The Hyksos invaders occupied most of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and created a new capital at Alvarez. They were expelled by the Upper Egyptian Force led by Ahmose I, who founded the XVIIIth Dynasty and moved the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

The modern state (circa 1550-1070 B.C.) began with the 18th dynasty, indicating the emergence of Egypt as a world power that expanded during its greatest extent to an empire as far south as Tombus in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period was indicative of some of the most famous pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaton and his wife Nefertiti, and Tutankhamun and Ramses II. The first historically acclaimed expression of monotheism occurred during this period as Athenism, although some consider Athenism a form of monotheism rather than monotheism. Repeated contacts with other countries brought new ideas to the new kingdom. Later, the country was invaded and occupied by Libyans, Libyans and Assyrians, but the indigenous Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

In 332 BC, the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt when he overthrew the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic kingdom, whose first ruler was one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in civil and foreign wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. The death of Cleopatra put an end to Egypt's nominal independence, which resulted in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire.

Roman rule in Egypt (including Byzantine) lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD, with a brief interlude of control by the Sassanid Empire between 619 and 629, known as Sassanid Egypt. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt, parts of Egypt became provinces of successive caliphates and other Muslim dynasties: Rashidun caliphate (632-661), Umayyad caliphate (661-750), Abbasid caliphate (750-935), Fatimid caliphate (909-1171), Ayyubid sultanate (1171-1260) and Mamluk sultanate (1250-1517). In 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I captured Cairo, absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.

Egypt remained completely Ottoman until 1867, however during the French control from 1798 to 1801. Inaugurated in 1867, Egypt became a self-sufficient tributary country called Khedifa Misr. But, Khadift Egypt fell under British administration in 1882 following the Anglo-Egyptian war. After the end of World War I and following the Egyptian revolution of 1919, the Kingdom of Egypt was established. While the United Kingdom is a de jure independent state, it retains control over foreign affairs, defense and other matters. British occupation continued until 1954, with the approval of the Anglo-Egyptian in 1954.

With the complete withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956 AD, the modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953 AD, the first time in 2500 years that Egypt was fully independent and ruled by the original Egyptians. President Gamal Abdel Nasser (President Ali Egypt from 1956 to 1970) introduced several reforms and established the short-lived United Arab Republic with Syria. His terms also saw the Six-Day War and the creation of the International Non-Aligned Movement. His successor Anwar Sadat (president from 1970 to 1981) changed Egypt's course, moving away from many of Nasiriyah's political and economic principles, reestablishing a multiparty system and launching the policy of economic openness. He led Egypt in the 1973 Yom Kippur War to restore Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War in 1967. This subsequently led to the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.

Recent Egyptian history has been dominated by the events that followed nearly thirty years of rule by former President Hosni Mubarak. The 2011 Egyptian revolution overthrew Mubarak and resulted in the first democratically elected president in Egypt's history. Unrest after the 2011 revolution and related disputes led to the 2013 Egyptian coup.

The history of ancient Egypt stretches from the earliest prehistoric settlements in the northern Nile Valley to the Roman conquest in 30 BC. The history of the Pharaonic era dates back to 3200 BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt became a coherent state until the country fell under Greek rule in 332 BC.

the attractions in Egypt can be done during one of the luxury Egypt tours that allows you to stay in the most outstanding hotels and Nile cruises or if you are traveling with a small amount of money and would like to save your time and expenses you can check our wide variety of cheap Egypt travel packages, if you have been in an accident and suffer from a physical injury never worry because our professional operators customized a collection of wheelchair accessible Egypt tours packages using all accessible vehicles and different facilities for disabled people which is one of the main categories of our classic Egypt tours.

A Cairo Top Tours expert, specialized in Egyptology and speaking your language, will assist you wherever you need.